Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 in Oxford to Frank and Isobel Eileen Hawking ( née Walker). He died in 2018 at the age of 76, after having motor neurone disease for more than 50 years. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. His book A Brief History of Time appeared on the Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. By the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a major breakthrough in theoretical physics. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. After the loss of his speech, he communicated through a speech-generating device initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle. In 1963, at age 21, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually, over decades, paralysed him. In October 1962, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall at the University of Cambridge where, in March 1966, he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology. In October 1959, at the age of 17, he began his university education at University College, Oxford, where he received a first-class BA degree in physics. Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of physicians. Between 19, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world. Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge.
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